The purpose of this study was to examine how culture and history have influenced the formation of national literary traditions in the Turkic world. Using comparative and historical analysis, the key features of the formation and development of national literatures (Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Turkish) were studied. Until the 20th century, Kazakh literature was predominantly oral, represented by folklore texts, in particular the heroic epic. During the Soviet period, Kazakh literature underwent significant changes. Under the influence of socialist ideas, literature became ideologised, which contributed to the emergence of major literary figures who sought to highlight national themes through the prism of socialist realism. With independence, Kazakh literature began to restore its national roots, returning to themes of identity, freedom, and the preservation of cultural traditions. In Kyrgyz literature, the heroic epic plays a key role and is considered the foundation of national culture. As in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz literature was heavily influenced by ideology during the Soviet era. The works of writers from this period were devoted to socialist reforms, yet retained many elements of traditional culture. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kyrgyz literature began to actively explore issues of national identity, memory, and the revival of traditions. Turkish literature has undergone a long transformation from medieval Ottoman poetry and prose to modern forms. Until the 19th century, Turkish literature was closely linked to Persian and Arabic cultural traditions, reflecting Islamic values and Ottoman statehood. The beginning of the 20th century marked a turning point for Turkish literature. The reforms of MK Atatürk and European influence led to profound changes in literature, while the orientation towards Western literary models contributed to the emergence of new genres and trends. Turkish writers of the 20th and 21st centuries explore complex issues of identity, history, and culture, positioned at the intersection between East and West.